Peter,
Thanks for those important examples.
When I talk about the upstream effects of wasting, I often cite the
ILSR/GRRN report Wasting and Recycling in the United States 2000, p. 13,
which highlights the 71 tons buried upstream from mining, manufacturing
and distribution wastes for every ton buried in municipal
landfills.
The Zero Waste Plans adopted by Del Norte County, CA, Palo Alto, CA and
Oakland, CA all emphasize focusing upstream and eliminating waste as the
first in moving towards. Those plans also include calls for more
active Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) programs, which is a key
tool for accomplishing the goal of eliminating wastes. Through the
leadership of the Bay Area Zero Waste Communities and others, local
governments in CA have formed overnight one of the most significant
groups advocating for EPR, the CA Product Stewardship Council
(CAProductStewardship.org).
Gary
At 05:47 PM 10/29/2007, Peter Spendelow wrote:
Neil and Helen,
I don't think John would disagree that cheap landfilling is a
disincentive to recycling, and many of us also believe that
incineration of mixed waste, even if for energy recovery, is not the
best use of much of that waste. However, the analysis we have
been
doing in Oregon points to upstream impacts - the environmental
damage
caused by the harvesting of raw materials and the manufacturing
processes to make products - as being much more important than the
downstream impacts of disposal. I think you argue that by
making
landfilling cheap, we make it easier to dispose of materials and
thus
make it less likely that those materials will be recycled. That
is
certainly true. However, it is the reduction in recycling - not
the
damage caused by landfilling - that creates environmental damage
when
new materials have to be harvested and processed to make up for
materials that are thrown away.
I know that Neil fully understands the importance of upstream
effects,
and he discusses in an earlier post. However, for those who may
not
have thought as much about this, I will give 3 examples of where
materials are recycled, but in such a way that they either cause
environmental damage or else they are recycled in a much less
environmentally-friendly way than they could be.
Case 1: Biodegradable plastic like PLA (polylactic acid) being
composted instead of recycled. Some people view biodegradable
plastic
as a zero waste solution, because you can compost the plastic and
have
nothing go to landfill. I view the decision to compost a
biodegradable plastic as 100% waste, because you take all of the
energy that went into growing the corn, making the fertilizer,
harvesting the corn, fermenting it to make lactic acid, and
processing
this into PLA, and you waste all of this energy when you compost the
PLA. You don't even get any compost out of it - it all degrades
to
carbon dioxide and water. You then have to go out and grown
more
corn, etc. If you recycled the plastic, you would save at least
some
of this energy and produce far less greenhouse gases in the
process.
Case 2: "No Spark Bark". An Oregon entrepreneur came up
with the
great idea of taking roofing shingles, grinding them, mixing them
with
bark dust, and marketing the mixture as "no spark bark" to use
on
garden beds and other places where people spread bark dust.
Eventually people figured out that asphalt shingles are full of very
toxic substances, and it does not make sense to use this product any
place where children play or where any of us might be exposed to
dust
from it. A lot of "no spark bark" has had to be cleaned
up and
disposed, and that which still remains out on the ground is not
really
saving any significant resources.
Case 3: Glass used as aggregate. Unfortunately, even here in
the
greater Portland area where we have a glass plant, more and more
curbside glass is being used for very low-grade uses such as
aggregate
rather than used to make glass bottles or fiberglass. The problem
is
poor preparation by homeowners and even more so, poor collection
practices that mix the colors and make the glass pretty much
unusable
by the local glass plant. Recycling glass into aggregate saves
the
relatively small amount of energy it takes to crush and size rock
into
aggregate. Recycling the glass back into glass bottles would
save
significant energy due to the lower melting point of glass when
compared to sand. Refilling the bottles would save even more
energy.
If you are only looking at keeping things out of the landfill
though,
you miss out on the energy and greenhouse gas savings that comes
with
refilling or recycling glass as opposed to using it as
aggregate.
Again, cheap landfilling may lead to reduced recycling, but it is
the
increase thereby caused in energy needs and environmental damage
from
harvesting and processing virgin materials which is important, not
the
damage caused directly by the material in the landfill.
By the way, I did not see Neils' post that referred to aluminum
cans.
Can you point me to it?
Peter Spendelow
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
On Oct 27, 7:09 am, Neil Seldman <nseld...@no.address> wrote:
> John, I really do not understand what you mean. Subsidized
> incineration and low cost landfill are a major part of the
problem.
> Not the entire set of problems we face but a critical one
nonetheless.
>
> In my response I posed the example of aluminum cans and
recycling.
> You choose not to address it. So provide us with some examples
of
> what you are talking about.
>
> Here is an example of why focusing on end of stream is as
important
> as upstream focus:
>
> I understand that at a recent WI DNR meeting, a staff
recommendation
> was ignored and the DNR voted to dramatically weaken the
existing
> landfill rules by permitting extra leachate lines. This decreases
the
> cost of landfill in your state by 25%, undercutting market based
and
> regulatory efforts to increase recycling, reuse and redesign.
With
> landfill disposal so cheap how will the state move forward with
> sustainable discard management? ILSR and many other groups have
been
> working on upstream issues for years. But we cannot ignore the
easy
> access to material destruction by incineration and landfill.
These
> issues are a necessary complement to upstream work. Nor can we
ignore
> upstream strategies that do not get to zero waste, e.g, returning
all
> computers to OEMs which precludes refurbishing and local
economic
> development. The environmental, economic and community benefits
of
> reuse over recycling are staggering.
>
> ILSR has been a primary, sometimes sole, organization calling
for
> refillables and reusables and product redesign. At the same time
we
> help communities fight incinerators and landfills. Other groups
take
> on other key aspects like haz waste, medical waste, mining
subsidies,
> etc. Isn't it clear that a multi-pronged strategy is needed?
>
> Please provide examples of what point you are trying to
emphasize.
>
> Neil
Gary Liss
916-652-7850
Fax: 916-652-0485
www.garyliss.com
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